


Watchmaking is about chronometry, complications, and technical craftsmanship, resulting in a wrist-worn device that tells the time of day. Or is it more about centuries-old craftsmanship and time-honoured skills? We are not disputing the pure function of a wristwatch, but enjoying wristwear is about so much more than time itself. In high-end watches, supporting micro-engineered accuracy is a flourishing hand-crafted art covered by the simplistic term, dial finishing.
This encompasses everything from metal engraving to the rich lustre of a deep enamel finish and elevates a watch. Sure, you can tell the time on the dial of a hand-enamelled Jaquet Droz wristwatch, distracted by the lifelike automaton bird flapping its wings. However, it is increasingly about the knowledge-based art involved, techniques passed down from 18th and 19th-century craftsmen who possessed infinite patience and hand control, unknown to today’s tech-dependant workers.
Enamelling and Cloisonné

The ancient art of enamelling started as a century-old technique for embellishing jewellery, containers and even tableware. Vitreous or Grand Feu (big fire, natch) enamel has a delicate, deep lustre that comes from its glass-like appearance, which is literally a kind of soft glass. The raw material is often heated in a melting pot until it forms a colourless liquid and is fired in a high-temperature kiln. Various intense hues can be obtained by adding cobalt for blue, chromium for green and other variants, which will set like a glass-like plate after cooling. An alluring and more complex variant of enamelling is Cloisonné, a high end form of watch dial finishing.
This technique comes from the French term cloisons, meaning compartments, and is another technique from the world of colourful jewellery. A watch dial or even pocket watch case back is prepared by affixing silver or gold wires or thin strips to mark a motif or pattern and will remain visible in the finished piece. Enamel or inlays are placed within the marked areas, often with several colours, and then fired in a kiln. When combined with gemstones, these are applied after being cut or ground into the shape of each cloison, creating a beautiful glass-like tapestry of colour.
Moser & Cie. Streamliner Small Seconds Blue Enamel

Winner of the 2024 GPHG prize for Time Only watches – one of the most competitive categories in the Oscars of watchmaking – Moser & Cie’s Streamliner ticks every box with its aqua blue fumé enamel. Three different coloured pigments are melded together over a textured pattern for one of the few dials I’ll ever unironically call captivating. 2 The fact that it’s on one of my favourite modern watches helps, of course.
Ematelier Sprezzatura Double Sunken

Sunken enamelling is hard, given you need to potentially ruin the outer dial to inset another. Double sunken is therefore twice as hard, which makes this bold red and white number almost miraculous for its price point. But then, this is what Ematelier do, accessible enamel dials that put some of the larger watch houses to shame. Cool, colourful and distinctly modern, it’s a world away from the plain white grand feu you see on most classical watches – and all the better for it.
Celadon Haute Horologerie Cloisonné Starry Night

Proving that Chinese watches don’t need to be cheaply made, Celadon have taken an artistic approach to artisan crafts and watch dial finishing, doubly so with their Cloisonné interpretation of Van Gough’s famous Starry Night. Every swirl and brush stroke of enamel is framed in gold in maddeningly painstaking fashion. The movements are actually very pretty too and the semi-cushion case with an inset crown is cool, but everything is going to play second fiddle to a dial like that.
Marquetry

This art form originated many centuries ago in furniture design and the alluring world of wooden jewellery – and cigar boxes. Marquetry is the craft of inlaying small, thin, and often frail pieces of wood that are then sanded down together with the main surface and lacquered for protection. We rarely see marquetry in watchmaking except on the design of the actual box carrying the timepiece. One could argue that inlays of mother-of-pearl and meteorites within part of a dial are a kind of marquetry, but prime examples usually include thinner-than-paper slivers of wood or straw.
We have seen it to good effect this year, and the natural beauty of the materials lends a refined air of exclusivity to what, in essence, is an instrument of time. There is something particularly fascinating about seeing organic materials from the world around us applied to artwork, especially on such a minute scale. Marquetry also encompasses thin, fragile slices of stone like malachite. Lately, there has been a resurgence of stone dials, and the combination of natural patterns in the stone and cut shapes make artful magic.
Isotope Mercury Marquetry

British brand Isotope apparently has a self-imposed mandate to make metiers d’art accessible, and along with enamelling of all stripes, that includes marquetry. Hidden in the surprisingly versatile cushion case of the mercury, Isotope’s marquetry dials are things of beauty. The showpiece is the malachite-coloured series of circles, but given each dial is made to order, the possibilities are limitless. Rarely has straw looked this good.
Ulysse Nardin Blast Free Wheel Marquetry

At first something as traditional as marquetry might seem at odds with Ulysse Nardin’s particular breed of avant garde watch dial finishing and design. But it’s all in how you use it. The Blast Freewheel, with its scattered movement elements, leaves plenty of space for the striking vari-blue lines of geometric marquetry and the result is anything but traditional. In fact, that pattern isn’t even made from wood or straw, but silicon, for what might be the coolest twist on the technique in all watchmaking.
Louis Erard Excellence Marqueterie

One of the most visually stunning marquetry dials at any level, let alone at Louis Erard’s signature level of accessibility, the Excellence Marqueterie is made up of a series of shaded cubes made from different gradients of wood. The result is a tessellating stunner that’s part metiers d’art, part magic eye picture. Signed by artist Bastien Chevalier, it’s something that he should be very, very proud of.
Micro Painting

Often combined with engraving, the painstaking time it takes to learn and master this remarkable skill is part of why we see some haute horology on offer with prices equalling an average UK mortgage or two. And like many other artisanal techniques we know of, it cannot be done by a computer-programmed machine. Micro painting has been perfected for centuries, enriching pocket watches from as early as the 18th century and jewellery even earlier.
The skillset required to perform at the level required means having a rock steady hand to guide the smallest of paint brushes, often under a microscope, and for many hours. But the resulting motifs, whether figurative or abstract, bring a deeper sense of art to any watch dial or case back that makes the elevated price point entirely justified. And when combined with Cloisonné techniques and even the mechanical movements of an automaton, the result is as breath-taking as it can be lifelike in appearance.
IFL Free Willie Concept

Not all painted dials need to cost the Earth, especially when this one’s determined to leave it. IFL are an odd proposition; they don’t build watches, but they do paint dials. So, their collection consists of the quintessential accessible cool staples like the Citizen Tsuyosa and Tissot PRX, with shiny new hand-painted dials. This particular version takes the Tsuyosa and adds Steamboat Willie (not Mickey Mouse) claiming the moon for freedom. But honestly, there are almost too many different designs to choose from, all oozing charm and wallet-pleasing accessibility.
Halcyon Origin Sea & Cliff

Take a sea view with you wherever you go courtesy of Chinese brand Halcyon. You shouldn’t be surprised to hear that last part when it comes to hand-painting, given that Halycon is based in Jingdezhen, home to China’s tradition of porcelain painting. The watch dial finishing – which is of course also porcelain – is a masterclass in the craft, with a subtle palette of blue and white depicting a misty day at the cliffs, spray in the air. It’s beautiful, a motif inspired by traditional Chinese fabrics, and should make the Swiss maisons a touch worried, especially when attached to a rather nice, slim bezelled dress watch.
Jaquet Droz Rolling Stones – Some Girls

It’s genuinely hard to upstage an automaton, especially when said stage is hosting a miniaturised set from the Rolling Stones. But the backdrop to Jaquet Droz’s tribute act does it with aplomb. A painstakingly hand-painted recreation of the Some Girls cover art, it turns a pop art icon of rock into one of the most eye-catching dials ever put onto a watch. It’s a unique piece for a very, very good reason.
Engraving

Nothing brings a stronger sense of craftsmanship to a watch movement or even the case itself than the time-honoured detail of engraving. It can be deep-cut or whisper shallow in its execution, and sometimes lacquer-filled like the personalised body of a Purdey shotgun, and most often unique. Brands offering engraved details as part of their movement decoration can often trace a single engraved piece back to its craftsman. More often than not, the strokes and cuts are intensely personal and usually recognisable, like an artist’s signature, and the smallest of imperfections will only make it more evocative, easily setting it apart from machine-made or stamped equivalents.
Engraving can sometimes be seen on watch cases, with flamboyant results bringing life to miniature creatures or even cityscapes. Within watch movements, larger flat areas like three-quarter plates or bridges sometimes compete with the sharpest bevelling for attention. For traditional brands, the curved balance cock is a favourite playground for the cutting tools of the best engravers in the trade, a tradition we can trace back to British watchmaking in the 19th century.
Sartory Billard SB04-E Tantalum Hand-Engraved

Not all engraving needs to be overly ornate; the heavy metal tantalum dial on Sartory Billard’s latest has an incredibly delicate, feather-like engraving too it, far too soft and organic for machine turning a la guilloché. Paired with an otherwise sharply faceted dial – especially those indexes – it adds texture more than it does some kind of artistic image, a general use case for the watch dial finishing. We’ll get onto the other end of the scale later. The result is a seriously cool yet accessible metiers d’art timepiece.
Grand Seiko SLGH005 White Birch

There’s a good reason Grand Seiko’s white Birch is close to unseating their Snowflake as their flagship dial; the hand-engraved nuances of the bark-like texture embody their naturalistic approach to watchmaking. It’s evocative, detailed and downright gorgeous. Paired here with the precision of a Grand Seiko sports watch, it’s the Rolex of Japanese watchmaking doing what they do best.
Vacheron Constantin Les Cabinotiers Récits de Voyages ‘Memorable Places’

The Les Cabinotiers Récits de Voyages offers a grand tour across the world from Switzerland to far east Asia. Each stop on the tour is depicted with glorious multi-level engraving in precious metals. They showcase Vacheron Constantin’s historic Geneva offices, Angkor Thom, the Old Summer Palace in Beijing and the Entrance Gate to Confucius Temple and Imperial College Museum, also in Beijing – each rendered in stunning detail.
Guilloché

Guilloché is one of the oldest ways of decorating a dial, and in some cases, bridgework, dating back to the 1770s. It’s believed to be named after the French engineer Guillot, who invented a tool for a mechanical lathe. Today it is seen as evocative metal-cutting artistry, while one of its more prosaic uses was to increase grip on smooth pocket watch cases, similar to knurling on a crown or control knob. Guilloché can be formed through stamping metal dial blanks, but nothing beats the skills involved in hand-cutting guilloché on a lathe. The decoration produced by a rose engine lathe creates flower patterns and symmetrical, multi-lobed geometrical patterns.
Its poetic name comes from tools used to create the patterns, rosettes, which are interchangeable discs with milled edges. They produce wave-shaped patterns we know from traditional watchmaking, such as barleycorns, basket weaves, moires, drapes, and many others. A straight-line guilloché is also made on a different lathe configuration, which offers a more formal design through straight cuts. Typical examples are miniature pyramid shapes, light-catching hobnail and piquè patterns, and even straight, cut lines on the metal dial surface. A staple of watch dial finishing.
Atelier Wen Perception Millesime 2024

Chinese maker Atelier Wen took the watch world by storm with their beautiful Perception back in 2022 and made good on that promise with this stunning purple version last year. The mix of purple and titanium is rich, regal and with that écaille de poisson (fish scale) pattern makes for a serious statement watch. While this edition is understandably sold out, the standard Perception is still a looker, and there will likely be more to come. You’ll just need to keep your wallet handy.
Christopher Ward C1 Bel Canto Classic

The colourful chiming of the Bel Canto already disrupted the watch industry with its unique twist on the jump hour, but last year Christopher Ward hammered home its classical credentials with this aptly-named guilloché version. The quartet of colours make ample use of the technique, albeit using laser etching rather than traditional engine-turning machines. The result is a regular, precise and immediately arresting fish scale-like pattern. It’s not going to push down the intense demand for the Bel Canto any time soon.
Rolex Perpetual 1908

We can’t talk about guilloché without touching on the fact that last year, Rolex launched their first ever engine-turned dial. It’s a stunner, even if it doesn’t feel very ‘Rolex’, so I’m hoping for another addition or two this year. As it stands, the ice blue rice grain motif of the platinum-cased Perpetual 1908 is a stunner and a potential new, albeit much more classical flavour of Rolex watchmaking.
Tremblage

As with many types of artisanal watch dial finishings, tremblage can be found machine-made, but its uniform hammered texture is wildly alluring in its handmade state, bearing the emotional traces of its maker. This engraving technique is incredibly time-consuming and based on the craftsman wielding a sharp tool called a burin over the metal surface, making tiny indentations that will eventually cover and decorate a large metal part, even a complete dial. As with all forms of hand-crafted finishes, it creates an organic pattern that captures the light on a dial, and the unevenness captured in a loupe of what from a distance appears to be a uniform-grained texture is all part of the allure of collecting.
A Lange & Sohne Datograph Handwerkskunst

Easier to explain that say, Lange’s Handwerkskunst line is all about the hand crafts and metiers d’art. Each one is different and each is intensely exceptional. Their 25th anniversary piece takes their beloved Datograph and covers the entire dial and subdials in tremblage. It’s more subtle than their fully engraved number from last year, but in my mind more appealing for it. It’s pure German refinement – otherwise known as pure Lange.
Moritz Grossman Tremblage

Simply named after the engraving technique found across its dial, the Moritz Grossman Tremblage is a classic example of the design. It’s technically the brand’s anniversary model from 2021 and the dial is made from German silver, another nod to the brand’s heritage as they are from Glashütte, the watchmaking capital of Germany. The numerals and logos are not applied as they may seem, instead the rest of the dial is cut away leaving them in relief before the tremblage is applied.
H. Moser & Cie. Endeavour Centre Seconds Concept Lime Green

While H. Moser don’t use the term tremblage in their description of the Endeavour Centre Seconds Concept Lime Green that is what the watch dial finishing is. Hammered metal with a delicate grainy texture. The difference here is that H. Moser have gone a step further and added a layer of enamel on top of the tremblage, which is not only insanely difficult to achieve but also looks fantastic. Considering that enamel is prone to fracture and crack at the best of times, the undulating surface of tremblage is not conducive to an easy manufacturing process.
Oracle Time